Trace minerals are elements that animals need in very small amounts, often measured in milligrams per kilogram of feed. Although the quantities are small, these elements take part in many body functions. This article gives a general overview. Specific requirements always depend on the species, production stage and local regulations.
Macro minerals and trace minerals
Minerals in animal nutrition are usually divided into two groups:
- Macro minerals are needed in larger amounts. Examples are calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium and sulphur.
- Trace minerals are needed in much smaller amounts. Commonly supplemented examples are zinc, copper, manganese, iron, iodine, selenium and cobalt.
What trace minerals do
In general terms, trace minerals are involved in:
- enzyme systems that drive metabolism,
- the formation and maintenance of bone, skin, feathers and hooves,
- the immune system,
- reproduction,
- hormone production, such as iodine in thyroid hormones.
Each element has its own functions, and the balance between elements matters. An excess of one mineral can interfere with the absorption of another.
Where trace minerals come from
Feed ingredients contain trace minerals, but the amounts vary with soil, crop and processing. Because natural levels are not predictable enough, trace minerals are usually supplemented.
Inorganic and organic sources
Trace minerals are supplied in different chemical forms:
- Inorganic sources, such as sulphates and oxides, are widely used.
- Organic or chelated sources bind the mineral to an organic molecule such as an amino acid.
The choice between sources depends on the formulation goals, the species and cost. It is a decision to make with a nutritionist rather than a general rule.
Why trace minerals are delivered through premixes
A trace element might be needed at a few grams per tonne of feed. Adding such small amounts directly at a mill is impractical and risky. A premix dilutes trace minerals on a carrier, so they can be added accurately and spread evenly through the feed.
Regulatory limits
Many countries set maximum levels for certain trace elements in feed. Formulations must respect the rules of the country where the feed is used, which is one reason premixes are often adapted per market.
Summary
| Point | Practical meaning |
|---|---|
| Small amounts, many functions | Accurate dosing matters |
| Variable levels in raw materials | Supplementation is usually needed |
| Different mineral sources | Choose with your nutritionist |
| Legal maximum levels | Formulate for the destination market |
Explore our mineral premixes or read what a feed premix is.
Need a mineral premix matched to your raw materials? Contact us.
Request a quote